The scenario

More obstacles for young professionals

Aspiring lawyers halved after the pandemic: one in three waits four to six years to pass the bar exam and it takes another five to achieve financial independence. Towards more guarantees for those in mono-committal status

by Margherita Ceci

(Illustrazione di Jacopo Rosati)

3' min read

3' min read

Among the gaps that characterise the legal world is also the distance that separates young new lawyers from their older colleagues: a furrow, an obstacle course that weighs on the choice of a university career first, and then of free profession.

In fact, it is not only the number of law school enrolments that has fallen (according to the 2025 Report on Lawyers by Cassa Forense and Censis, the number of enrolments in 2023 is down by more than 10,000 compared to 2010): the number of candidates for the State examination in 2024 has also halved compared to 2019, from 22,199 to 10,316.

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This is also due to the opening of public competitions and the presence of alternative routes to take once you have finished law school.

After all, one only has to look at the time between obtaining a law degree and registering with the Bar. According to the Cassa Forense report, most graduates (34.2%) take between four and six years. The bar exam only takes place once a year and many choose to wait and prepare themselves as best they can, increasing the chance of success but also the distance separating them from entry into the world of work. Not only that: the results of the written test come out many months later, lengthening the timeframe. And the practice that takes place in the meantime is not subject to pay.

Even once they have passed the exam, then, the path to economic independence is long and complex. To reach a level of income sufficient to guarantee independence, 21.8% take between five and six years from the time of registration. Another important slice (21.1%) goes beyond six years and only one fifth takes less than two years.

State Examination and Practice

To date, professional law provides for three tests for the written exam: a civil opinion, a criminal opinion and a judicial act in the three subjects of choice (civil, criminal or administrative). For the oral test, on the other hand, there are six compulsory subjects (criminal, civil, criminal procedure, civil procedure, a subject of choice and deontology), in fact tracing university preparation. However, from one extension to the next by Covid, an exception is made and the exam has taken a more professionalised form, with the oral exam involving the solution of a practical case, two subjects of choice (criminal or civil law, and one procedure) and deontology and the legal system. In this new form, the success rate was higher, at 46.2% in 2023, compared to 37.1% in 2019.

"The biggest problem,' says the president of the Italian Association of Young Lawyers (Aiga), Carlo Foglieni, 'is the gap between the world of the professions and the academic world. It is true that the universities are improving, but the new graduate is still not able to work as a lawyer independently, and therefore - even if we want to talk about qualifying degrees - he needs the apprenticeship. But this must be economically sustainable'.

Awaiting the reform of the professional law (the first step has been taken, the draft has just been approved by the National Bar Council), which aims to consolidate the experience of the simplified qualifying examination, Aiga is moving with the Regions to intercept the European regional development funds dedicated to training. "We have already started the discussion with Lombardy and we hope to extend it to the other regions: we would like to provide through the disbursement of these funds a contribution - as it happens in the business world - in favour of professional firms, to cover the trainee's fee".

The mono-committal

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Once a young professional becomes a lawyer, he has two options: to start his own practice or to collaborate with another lawyer. Although through the Cassa forense there are incentives to open firms and join networks, thus cutting costs, many young people find themselves working, in fact, in mono-contract for a firm that is already set up. "With a motion approved by the National Congress, we have foreseen certain guarantees,' Foglieni concludes, 'from the obligation of a written contract, minimum remuneration, seniority steps, notice of termination and economic compensation equal to monthly salaries in the case of lack of notice. Without, however, going towards subordinate employment, because the objective is to help young people to open their own studios, in turn taking on other collaborators to grow and thus creating a virtuous chain'. Proposals that have in part already been incorporated in the draft reform of the professional law.

But it will take time: for this reform, the Minister of Justice, Carlo Nordio, has announced a delegated law shortly. But even this, once approved, will need implementing decrees to be operational.

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