Astronomy

Super solar storm gives the northern lights: here's how to see them

The particularly intense magnetic storm is causing a series of consequences and also offering the spectacle of the aurora visible even in Italy

by Leopoldo Benacchio

Aurora boreale in Germania, lo spettacolo del cielo rosa

3' min read

3' min read

Big show in the sky tonight: northern lights for everyone, from the North Pole to the far end of Puglia and from Italy to China. With a clear sky, a dark enough observation point, and a little bit of luck it will be repeated again tonight and it is worth a try to see them, it is rarer and more enthralling than the best TV serial.

The sky is tinged, especially towards the horizon, with a greenish or pinkish-red colour that sometimes even looks like a fairly dim glow moving across it. A boon for those who want to admire a spectacle, or photograph it, that is usually reserved for the peoples of the far north of Europe.

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Le varie zone di influenza del fenomeno. Il rosso è il valore massimo

Solar activity at its highest

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The cause of this magnificent spectacle is to be found in the geomagnetic storm that was announced, and this is a rare occurrence, by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa), which issued a solar storm warning. The fact is that solar activity, on the surface of our star, of course, is at the maximum of its approximately 11-year cycle, and from the 'sunspot' zone, which has been visible for a few days now, an ejection of matter and energy has started that has been classified as one of the greatest ever, of a G5 grade on the particular scale used for these phenomena. The maximum effects, on Earth, occurred in Russia, China and India.

Power grids and satellites

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In principle, such violent storms can also have a negative influence on the networks that distribute electricity, telecommunication satellites and even geopositioning satellites, such as the American GPS or the European Galileo. And indeed, the Noaa has reported that the solar storm is causing problems for electricity grids and has rendered satellite navigation signals unusable for hours.

L’aurora boreale causata dalla tempesta solare

Photogallery17 foto

Those who have been most exposed to particles and radiation are the astronauts in the International Space Station, who are, moreover, well protected; we on Earth have no problems from these phenomena as far as our health is concerned.

The Storm

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A geomagnetic storm of this magnitude has not been seen since 2003, and in recent weeks the Sun's activity has increased. As mentioned, this is a cyclical phenomenon that is first and foremost evidenced by the appearance of sunspots that often cluster in swarms on the solar surface. They are dark in colour, but beware, they are only cooler than the rest of the surface, we are still talking about thousands and thousands of degrees. Sunspots are like volcanoes that are constantly puffing out charged particles and jets of matter that can reach millions of kilometres in size.

To get an idea, our Earth has a diameter of about 13,000 kilometres, so in one of these huge tongues of glowing gas erupted by the Sun, it could fit thousands of times. Luckily we are 150 million kilometres away from the Sun, in a safe zone.

Different colours

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The rise of mobile phones and surveillance cameras has amplified the popularity of this phenomenon: we have seen bright pink skies over Austria and a purple hue over Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland, Denmark and Poland on the net, while a beautiful sunset-like red, fuchsia-coloured sky over China has also been recorded in Italy.

Why the different colours, one may ask. It is that the charged particles that come from the Sun, instraded, fortunately, by the Earth's magnetic field, hit the Earth's atmosphere, which is charged with energy and as soon as it can puts it back. We can therefore think of the earth's atmosphere as composed of many particles of matter similar to springs: when a discharge of energy arrives, the spring compresses but, as soon as it can, it relaxes and returns the energy it had. Depending on the gaseous element in the atmosphere, the colour will be different: oxygen returns green while nitrogen returns blue, violet or pink.

Tonight we try again, with good hopes that the phenomenon will be repeated.

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