Prevention

The sport that detoxifies and teaches the brain to reject cocaine

Short, intense and powerful: drug-inducing exercise paves the way for new therapies against addiction

3' min read

Translated by AI
Versione italiana

3' min read

Translated by AI
Versione italiana

Sport strengthens body and mind, and is an unexpected weapon against cocaine addiction. Not only does regular aerobic activity reduce cocaine seeking. Now it turns out that high-intensity exercise - Hiit, High-intensity interval training - can even induce aversion to the drug. This is shown in a study published in Plos One by a team from the University of Buffalo, led by neuroscientist Panayotis Thanos, which opens up new perspectives on addiction prevention.

'Exercise is not a binary therapeutic tool,' he explains, 'but should be considered dose-dependent, just like a drug. In other words, not all physical activities have the same impact: intensity and modalities make a difference.

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In experiments conducted on adolescent animals, a crucial stage because it is at this age that most abuse pathways begin, the researchers observed a clear difference: moderate training reduced the propensity to seek out the substance, but only Hiit prompted the animals to avoid it.

The molecular reward switch

Secondo Thanos, l’effetto è legato a un aumento dei livelli di ΔFosB, fattore di trascrizione noto come “interruttore molecolare” della dipendenza. Nello studio, ratti esposti a esercizio Hiit su un tapis roulant sono stati confrontati con ratti esposti ad esercizio moderato su tapis roulant. Entrambi i gruppi hanno poi subito un test comportamentale chiamato cocaine place preference, che addestra l’animale a discriminare tra due camere: una dove possono accedere alla cocaina e una dove possono accedere alla soluzione salina. La preferenza è quando l’animale trascorre più tempo nella camera della cocaina, mentre l’avversione è quando l’animale sceglie di trascorrere più tempo nella camera della soluzione salina. I risultati sono stati significativi, spiega Thanos, perché non solo gli animali Hiit hanno mostrato una preferenza per la camera salina, ma hanno mostrato una chiara avversione per la camera della cocaina.

'We believe that the increased aversion to cocaine in rats subjected to Hiit,' Thanos says, 'is due to the dose-dependent effect of this type of exercise on the brain's reward circuitry, which leads to increased levels of ΔFosB.

The link between sport and addiction

The discovery adds to a strand of research that has been exploring the link between sport and addiction for years. In an earlier study, Panayotis Thanos had shown that regular aerobic exercise (one hour of treadmill exercise, five times a week) reduces stress-induced cocaine-seeking behaviour in animal models, while also modifying behavioural and physiological responses to stressful stimuli.

In addicts, stress profoundly alters neural and behavioural mechanisms, particularly in the mesolimbic dopaminergic circuit, which is linked to the rewarding effects of drugs. Thanos demonstrated that exercise can modulate this circuit, reduce stress hormones and improve mood, thus alleviating anxiety and emotional symptoms of withdrawal.

The latest research from the University of Buffalo reinforces the idea that Hiit could become a true 'personalised medicine' against addiction: short, intense, and capable of affecting brain reward circuits and key molecules that modulate vulnerability to the substance.

Next challenge: gender differences

For Thanos and colleagues, the next challenge will be to understand gender differences: the current study only involved males, but previous evidence shows a greater vulnerability of females at certain stages of addiction. In parallel, the researchers intend to investigate how Hiit affects brain metabolism, after preliminary data have already shown an activation of areas involved in planning and decision-making.

These results are part of an already established knowledge of the benefits of aerobic activity, effective not only for physical health (heart disease, diabetes, arthritis), but also for mental health, including stress, anxiety and depression.

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